Veracidade da rotulagem quanto a presença de amido baseado em um teste laboratorial em iogurtes nacionais comercializados no sul de Santa Catarina / Veracity of labeling as the presence of starch based on a laboratory test in national yogurts commercialized in southern Santa Catarina

Com o crescimento diário do número de consumidores em nível mundial, a indústria alimentícia se caracteriza como um ramo em ascensão contínua. Como consequência, a sociedade procura obter informações nutricionais dos produtos consumidos por meio dos rótulos. O iogurte, objeto do presente estudo, é tido pela sociedade de consumo como um alimento rico em nutrientes, que promove benefícios ao organismo e, por isso, apresenta-se como vantajoso à saúde. No entanto, torna-se fundamental analisar a veracidade nos rótulos desses produtos quanto à presença de amido. Tal análise pode ser efetivada por meio de um exame laboratorial chamado de teste de iodo, também conhecido como teste Lugol. Com isso, o presente estudo objetivou analisar a veracidade da rotulagem quanto à presença de amido, baseando a pesquisa em um teste laboratorial em iogurtes nacionais comercializados no sul de Santa Catarina. Sendo assim, os resultados das 28 amostras deste estudo demonstraram alguma inconformidade. Observou-se que 85,7% apresentavam amido declarado como espessante na rotulagem, porém o teste foi positivado para 89,3% dos iogurtes. Diante disso, são de suma importância as análises na veracidade das rotulagens, visto que, corriqueiramente, o consumidor é lesado ao que diz respeito às informações contidas nos rótulos de produtos alimentícios. (AU)

With the daily growth of the number of consumers worldwide, the food industry is characterized as a branch in continuous growth. As a result, society seeks to obtain nutritional information on the products consumed through the labels. Yogurt, the object of this study, is considered by the consumer society as a food rich in nutrients, which promotes benefits to the body and, therefore, presents itself as advantageous to health. Such an analysis can be carried out through a laboratory test called iodine test, also known as Lugol test. Whithin this context, the present study aims to analyze the veracity of the labeling regarding the presence of starch by testing national yogurts commercialized in the south of Santa Catarina. Thus, the results of this study showed that samples were not in conformity. It was observed that 85.7% had starch declared as a thickener on the label, but the test was positive for 89.3% of yogurts. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to analyze the veracity of the labeling, once routinely, the consumer is harmed when it comes to the information contained in the labels of food products. (AU)

Orange-fleshed Sweet Potato Chips: Processing Effect on Carotenoid Content and Resistant Starch and Sensory Acceptance

HIGHLIGHTS Chips from orange-fleshed sweet potato have a good acceptability. Drying process showed retention of carotenoids total content. Chips from drying or frying process showed high resistant starch content.

Abstract There is currently a great demand for industrialized products with functional properties, together with the increase in consumption of roots and sweet potato products. Sweet potatoes have a high content of resistant starch, while only the orange-fleshed roots also have a high content of carotenoids. Due to these, this work aimed to produce orange-fleshed sweet potato chips, by two processes: drying oven and immersion frying. The chips were evaluated for the content of resistant starch and carotenoids in nature and chips sweet potatoes, and evaluations of the physical attributes and sensory analysis of the chips. The drying process retained a greater content of total carotenoids. Fried chips can be considered high resistant starch content, even with a decrease in the content after this processing; they also showed more intense coloring and pleasant texture. There was a statistical difference between the varieties only regarding the content of carotenoids and resistant starch. Thereby, it can be concluded that the chips of both processing have good technological and functional qualities, and that the frying process presented best hardness which led to greater acceptability and purchase intention.

Validação de uma técnica para a detecção de acréscimo de amido em amostras de açaí in natura / Validation of a technique for the detection of addition of starch in samples of açaí in natura

O trabalho visou validar a utilização do teste de lugol para a detecção de fraude por composto amiláceo e papel em amostras de açaí. Para tal, diferentes produtos foram adicionados e diluídos em água e açaí, respectivamente. A padronização em água mostrou-se efetiva para os produtos amiláceos, havendo falha no método em açaí, exceto para o amido de milho, carecendo-se de mais estudos que levem em consideração as diversas particularidades do fruto.

Nutritional factors related to glucose and lipid modulation in diabetic dogs: literature review / Fatores nutricionais relacionados ao controle glicêmico e lipídico de cães diabéticos: revisão de literatura

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disorder that results in hyperglycemia by absolute or relative insulin deficiency, sometimes leading to fatal complications. The successful treatment of diabetic dogs depends on nutritional management and insulin applications. Studies evaluating the nutrition of diabetic dogs focused on fiber as the main factor in glycemic control; however, new research describes the role of starch as key in postprandial glycemic fluctuation, also attributing a central role for body condition scores and feed management in the adequate glycemic control of diabetic dogs. The aim of this paper is to review nutritional aspects to better control diabetes in dogs.(AU)

Diabetes Mellitus é uma desordem crônica que resulta em hiperglicemia pela deficiência absoluta ou relativa de insulina, que gera complicações que podem levar à morte. O sucesso do tratamento do cão diabético depende da aplicação de insulina e do adequado manejo nutricional. Estudos que avaliaram aspectos nutricionais de cães diabéticos focavam na fibra dietética como o principal fator controlador da glicemia, porém novas pesquisas apontam o amido como principal responsável pelas respostas glicêmicas pós-prandiais e atribuem importante papel ao escore de condição corporal e ao manejo alimentar no adequado controle glicêmico de cães diabéticos. O objetivo deste trabalho é revisar os principais aspectos da nutrição de cães diabéticos para o melhor controle da doença.(AU)

Efeitos da modificação por ácidos orgânicos e do processo de secagem sobre as propriedades de expansão do amido de mandioca / Effects of modification by organic acids and the drying process on the expansion properties of cassava starch

O amido fermentado de mandioca, polvilho azedo, possui ampla aplicação em produtos de panificação, devido à propriedade de expansão, sem fermento e sem glúten, o que alavancou a comercialização dos amidos substituintes modificados por ácido. O polvilho azedo é fermentado e seco ao sol, com a geração de ácidos: acético, butírico, lático e propiônico, enquanto os amidos modificados por ácido não são fermentados. Neste trabalho foi produzido o polvilho azedo, seco ao sol e em estufa e amidos modificados pelos ácidos prevalentes na fermentação, secos em UVC. Todos os amidos foram comparados, quanto aos ácidos orgânicos, dos amidos secos em diferentes condições e apenas fermentados, sem secagem, bem com quanto às características físico-químicas e reológicas. Ficou comprovado que a secagem solar favorece um produto mais ácido e de maior expansão. O maior volume específico foi observado para a amostra fermentada seca ao sol, seguida das modificadas por ácido lático 0,5 % e ácido acético 0,5 % e ácido lático 1 %. A baixa expansão da amostra fermentada e seca em estufa (E) mostrou que apenas a presença dos ácidos orgânicos não é suficiente para expansão e que a radiação UV (artificial ou solar) influencia diretamente nessa característica.

The fermented cassava starch, polvilho azedo, has wide application in bakery products, due to expansion property without yeast and gluten, which leveraged the marketing of starches modified by acid. The cassava starch is fermented and sun dried, with the generation of acids: acetic, butyric, lactic and propionic, while starches modified by acid are not fermented. In this work was produced cassava starch, dried in the sun and under oven, and modified by the acids of cassava starch fermentation, dried in UVC. All starches were compared, as the organic acids, dry starches in different conditions and only fermented without drying, as well as with the physicochemical and rheological characteristics. It was proven that solar drying favors a more acidic product and expansion property. The higher specific volume was observed for the sample fermented sun dried, followed by modified by 0.5 % lactic acid and 0.5 % acetic acid and lactic acid 1 %. The low expansion of the fermented sample and dried in an oven showed that only organic acids is not sufficient for expansion and that UV radiation (solar or artificial) directly influences this characteristic.

Profiling carbohydrate composition, biohydrogen capacity, and disease resistance in potato

Background: Potato (Solanum tuberosum) is one of the most important sources of carbohydrates in human diet. Because of its high carbohydrate levels it recently has also received attention in biohydrogen production. To exploit the natural variation of potato with respect to resistance to major diseases, carbohydrate levels and composition, and capacity for biohydrogen production we analyzed tubers of native, improved, and genetically modified potatoes, and two other tuberous species for their glucose, fructose, sucrose, and starch content. Results: High-starch potato varieties were evaluated for their potential for Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus-mediated biohydrogen production with Desirée and Rosita varieties delivering the highest biohydrogen amounts. Native line Vega1 and improved line Yagana were both immune to two isolates (A291, A287) of Phytophthora infestans. Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that native potato varieties might have great potential for further improving the multifaceted use of potato in worldwide food and biohydrogen production.

The physical, chemical and functional characterization of starches from Andean tubers: oca (Oxalis tuberosa Molina), olluco (Ullucus tuberosus Caldas) and mashua (Tropaeolum tuberosum Ruiz & Pavón)

The physical, chemical, and functional properties of starches isolated from the Andean tubers oca (Oxalis tuberosa M.), olluco (Ullucus tuberosus C.) and mashua (Tropaeolum tuberosum R. & P.) were studied. The tubers were obtained from a local grocery. The morphology of the starch granules (size and shape) was studied with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which revealed ellipsoid, oval, conical, pear-shaped and prismatic forms: ellipsoids and oval granules with lengths up to 54.30 µm in oca; with lengths up to 32.09 µm for olluco starch granules; and with predominantly truncated spherical or oval forms and smaller dimensions (up to 16.29 um) for mashua starch granules. Amylose contents were similar among the samples: 27.60% (oca), 26.49% (olluco) and 27.44% (mashua). Olluco starch had less swelling power, forming opaque, less firm gels. All three starch gels showed the same stability on refrigeration and presented high syneresis under freezing temperatures, with a variation of 40.28 to 74.42% for olluco starch. The starches cooked easily, with high peak viscosity. The low gelatinization temperatures and high stability during cooling make these starches suitable feedstock for use in formulations that require milder processing temperatures and dispense freezing storage.

As propriedades físicas, químicas e funcionais de amidos isolados das tuberosas andinas, oca (Oxalis tuberosa M.), olluco (Ullucus tuberosus C.) e mashua (Tropaeolum tuberosum R. & P.), obtidas no comércio local, foram estudadas. A morfologia dos grânulos de amido foi avaliada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (SEM) revelando formas elipsoidais, ovais, cônicas, periformes e prismáticas: grânulos elipsoides e ovais com dimensões de até 54,30 µm de comprimento para a oca, de até 32,09 µm para o amido de olluco, e com formas predominantemente esféricas ou ovais truncadas, de menores dimensões de até 16,29 µm para grânulos de amido de mashua. Os conteúdos de amilose foram similares entre as amostras: 27,60% (oca), 26,49% (olluco) e 27,44% (mashua). O amido de olluco teve menor poder de intumescimento, formando géis opacos e menos resistentes. Os géis dos três amidos mostraram a mesma estabilidade sob refrigeração e apresentaram alta sinérese após congelamento, com variação de 40,28 a 74,42% para amido de olluco. Os amidos tiveram cocção rápida com alto pico de viscosidade. A baixa temperatura de gelatinização e alta estabilidade durante a refrigeração fazem destes amidos matérias-primas adequadas para formulações que requeiram temperaturas brandas de processamento e que dispensem conservação por congelamento.

Characterization and evaluation of acid-modified starch of Dioscorea oppositifolia (Chinese yam) as a binder in chloroquine phosphate tablets

Chinese yam (Dioscorea oppositifolia) starch modified by acid hydrolysis was characterized and compared with native starch as a binder in chloroquine phosphate tablet formulations. The physicochemical and compressional properties (using density measurements and the Heckel and Kawakita equations) of modified Chinese yam starch were determined, and its quantitative effects as a binder on the mechanical and release properties of chloroquine phosphate were analyzed using a 2³ full factorial design. The nature (X1), concentration of starch (X2) and packing fraction (X3) were taken as independent variables and the crushing strength-friability ratio (CSFR), disintegration time (DT) and dissolution time (t80) as dependent variables. Acid-modified Chinese yam starch showed a marked reduction (p<0.05) in amylose content and viscosity but increased swelling and water-binding properties. The modified starch had a faster onset and greater amount of plastic flow. Changing the binder from native to acid-modified form led to significant increases (p<0.05) in CSFR and DT but a decrease in t80. An increase in binder concentration and packing fraction gave similar results for CSFR and DT only. These results suggest that acid-modified Chinese yam starches may be useful as tablet binders when high bond strength and fast dissolution are required.

Amido de inhame chinês (Dioscorea oppositifolia), modificado por meio de hidrólise ácida, foi caracterizado e avaliado como aglutinante em formulações de comprimidos de fosfato de cloroquina, em comparação com o amido nativo. Determinaram-se as propriedades físico-químicas e de compressão (utilizando medidas de densidade e as equações de Heckel e Kawakita). Os efeitos quantitativos do amido modificado como ligante sobre as propriedades mecânicas e de liberação de fosfato de cloroquina foram analisados por meio de um planejamento fatorial completo 2³. Tomaram-se a natureza (X1), a concentração de amido (X2) e a fração de empacotamento (X3) como variáveis independentes e relação força de compressão-friabilidade (RFCE), tempo de desintegração (DT) e tempo de dissolução (t80), como variáveis dependentes. O amido de inhame chinês modificado mostrou redução marcante (p<0,05) no teor de amilose e da viscosidade, mas aumento no inchamento e nas propriedades de ligação de água. O amido modificado teve início rápido e maior quantidade de fluxo plástico. A alteração do aglomerante da forma nativa para a modificada com ácido conduziu a aumento significativo (p <0,05) em CSFR e DT, mas diminuição da t80. O aumento da concentração do aglutinante e da fração de empacotamento deu origem a resultados semelhantes apenas para RFCE e DT. Os resultados sugerem que os amidos modificados com ácido do inhame chinês podem ser mais úteis como aglutinantes de comprimidos, quando se necessitam de força de ligação alta e de dissolução rápida..

Characterization of seeds of selected wild species of rice (Oryza) stored under high temperature and humidity conditions.

Wild progenitors of rice (Oryza) are an invaluable resource for restoring genetic diversity and incorporating useful traits back into cultivars. Studies were conducted to characterize the biochemical changes, including SDS-PAGE banding pattern of storage proteins in seeds of six wild species (Oryza alta, O. grandiglumis, O. meridionalis, O. nivara, O. officinalis and O. rhizomatis) of rice stored under high temperature (45oC) and humidity (~100%) for 15 days, which facilitated accelerated deterioration. Under the treated conditions, seeds of different wild rice species showed decrease in per cent germination and concentrations of protein and starch, but increase in conductivity of leachate and content of sugar. The SDS-PAGE analysis of seed proteins showed that not only the total number of bands, but also their intensity in terms of thickness differed for each species under storage. The total number of bands ranged from 11 to 22, but none of the species showed all the bands. Similarity index for protein bands between the control and treated seeds was observed to be least in O. rhizomatis and O. alta, while the indices were 0.7 and 0.625 for O. officinalis and O. nivara, respectively. This study clearly showed that seed deterioration led to distinctive biochemical changes, including the presence or absence as well as altered levels of intensity of proteins. Hence, SDS-PAGE protein banding pattern can be used effectively to characterize deterioration of seeds of different wild species of rice.

Seasonal variation of soluble carbohydrates and starch in Echinolaena inflexa, a native grass species from the Brazilian savanna, and in the invasive grass Melinis minutiflora / Variações sazonais de carboidratos solúveis e amido em Echinolaena inflexa, uma espécie nativa do cerrado, e na gramínea invasora Melinis minutiflora

Echinolaena inflexa (Poir.) Chase is an abundant C3 grass species with high biomass production in the Brazilian savanna (cerrado); Melinis minutiflora Beauv. is an African C4 forage grass widespread in cerrado and probably displacing some native herbaceous species. In the present work, we analysed seasonally the content and composition of soluble carbohydrates, the starch amounts and the above-ground biomass (phytomass) of E. inflexa and M. minutiflora plants harvested in two transects at 5 and 130 m from the border in a restrict area of cerrado at the Biological Reserve and Experimental Station of Mogi-Guaçu (SP, Brazil). Results showed that water soluble carbohydrates and starch amounts from the shoots of both species varied according to the time of the year, whilst in the underground organs, variations were observed mainly in relation to the transects. Marked differences in the pattern of the above-ground biomass production between these two grasses relative to their location in the Reserve were also observed, with two peaks of the invasive species (July and January) at the Reserve border. The differences in carbohydrate accumulation, partitioning and composition of individual sugars concerning time of the year and location in the Reserve were more related to the annual growth cycle of both grasses and possibly to specific physiological responses of M. minutiflora to disturbed environments in the Reserve border.

Echinolaena inflexa (Poir.) Chase é uma gramínea C3 muito abundante em áreas de cerrado e com alta produção de biomassa. Melinis minutiflora Beauv. é uma gramínea C4 de origem africana introduzida no Brasil para fins forrageiros, que se espalhou amplamente por áreas de cerrado, provavelmente deslocando espécies nativas. No presente trabalho, o conteúdo e a composição de carboidratos solúveis, o teor de amido e a biomassa aérea foram analisados sazonalmente em plantas de E. inflexa e M. minutiflora coletadas em dois transectos, a 5 e 130 m da borda da Reserva Biológica e Estação Experimental de Mogi-Guaçu, uma área restrita de cerrado (SP, Brasil). Os resultados mostraram que os carboidratos solúveis e o conteúdo de amido da parte aérea de ambas as espécies variaram de acordo com a época do ano, enquanto que nos órgãos subterrâneos as variações foram observadas principalmente em relação aos transectos. Diferenças marcantes no padrão de distribuição de biomassa aérea das duas espécies em relação à localização na reserva também foram observadas, com dois picos de produção da espécie invasora (em julho e janeiro) na borda da reserva. As diferenças observadas no acúmulo de carboidratos, partição e composição dos açúcares em relação à época do ano e localização na reserva foram mais relacionadas ao ciclo anual de crescimento de ambas as espécies e possivelmente a respostas fisiológicas específicas de M. minutiflora a ambientes perturbados na borda da reserva.

Efeitos da parboilização do arroz (Oryza sativa L. ) integral sobre os compostos bioativos e a disponibilidade do amido / Effects of the parboiling process in brown rice (Oryza sativa L. ) on its both bioactive components and starch availability

O arroz (Oryza sativa L.) é consumido principalmente na forma polida, porém uma alternativa nutricionalmente melhor seria o arroz integral, que contém ao redor de 10% de farelo, rico em micronutrientes e compostos bioativos. Dentre esses destacam-se a vitamina E e γ-orizanol, aos quais se atribuem diversos efeitos benéficos à saúde. A literatura descreve vários estudos relacionados à presença desses compostos no arroz integral, porém pouco se sabe a respeito da sua estabilidade com o armazenamento, a parboilização e a cocção caseira. Pelo fato do arroz integral apresentar curta vida de prateleira, uma alternativa para aumentar o prazo para o consumo é o emprego da parboilização. A parboilização, que consiste em um processo hidrotérmico, provoca alterações estruturais no amido do grão e a literatura é controversa no que diz respeito à diminuição da digestibilidade do amido e consequentemente à redução do índice glicêmico (IG). Este trabalho teve como objetivos: avaliar os efeitos da parboilização sobre a disponibilidade do amido por meio da cinética de hidrólise do amido estimando o índice glicêmico (IG) em cultivares de arroz integral com diferentes teores de amilose; analisar o efeito da parboilização, do armazenamento por seis meses e da cocção caseira do arroz integral sobre a estabilidade dos compostos bioativos, e correlacionar os compostos bioativos com a atividade antioxidante do arroz, antes e após o processamento. Foram analisadas 36 amostras pertencentes a diferentes cultivares selecionadas de arroz integral e parboilizado integral das safras de 2007 e 2008 e outras três amostras de arroz integral e parboilizado integral, adquiridas no comércio local da cidade de São Paulo. A partir do índice de hidrólise (IH) in vitro, foi estimado o IG. A vitamina E e o γ-orizanol foram extraídos com metanol, separados por CLAE-fase reversa e quantificados por curvas padrão correspondentes. A atividade antioxidante foi avaliada pelos métodos de DPPH• e ORAC...

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is consumed mostly in the milled form. However, due to its content of bran, vitamin E and γ-oryzanol, the intake of brown rice has been recommended. Although previous studies ascribed some important health benefits related to these brown rice's compounds, information regarding the effect of cooking, storage and parboiling on these substances remains to be elucidated. Rice parboiling is a hydrothermal process consisting of soaking, heating and drying that provide technological and nutritional benefits to the consumer. Until now, if parboiling process decreases the starch digestibility and consequently reduces the glycemic index (GI) is unclear. The objectives of the present study were: to evaluate the effect of the parboiling process on starch digestibility through a GI estimation by the kinetics of starch hydrolysis in rice cultivars with different levels of amylose; to analyze the effect of traditional parboiling, cooking and storage for six months on the stability of bioactive components as well as to correlate the content of bioactive components of rice with its antioxidant activity before and after parboiling. Thirty-six samples of brown rice and parboiled brown rice harvested in 2007 and 2008 were analyzed. In addition, three commercial cultivars of both brown and parboiled brown samples from local market that were obtained in São Paulo were also studied. The glycemic index (IG) was estimated from the hydrolysis index (IH). Vitamin E homologues and γ-oryzanol were extracted simultaneously with methanol and analyzed by HPLC-RP/UV and fluorescence detection in a single run. Peak areas were converted to the corresponding by the standards of α- and γ-tocopherol, α- and γ-tocotrienol and γ-oryzanol. The antioxidant capacity was evaluated by both, DPPH• and ORAC methods. The results indicated that starch digestibility from all rice samples was little affected by parboiling under the conditions employed in the present study. Samples with...

Efecto de la concentración de hidróxido de calcio y tiempo de cocción del grano de maíz (Zea mays L) nixtamalizado, sobre las características fisicoquímicas y reológicas del nixtamal / Effect of calcium hydroxide concentration and cooking time of corn grain (Zea mays L) nixtamalized, over physicochemical and rheological nixtamal characteristics

Se evaluó el efecto de la concentración de hidróxido de calcio (Ca(OH)2) y tiempo de cocción del grano de maíz sobre las propiedades fisicoquímicas y reológicas durante la nixtamalización tradicional. Se observó que a mayor concentración de Ca(OH)2 y mayor tiempo de cocción del grano, la temperatura de gelatinización aumentó significativamente. El maíz nixtamalizado con 2 g/100g de Ca(OH)2 y 60 min de tiempo de cocción, presentó mayor absorción de calcio, 0.152 g/100g, mostrando un aumento significativo respecto a la concentración inicial (500 g/100g). Todas las muestras presentaron un patrón de difracción de rayos X de almidón tipo A, con diferencias en la intensidad de la difracción. La viscosidad aparente del nixtamal disminuyó considerablemente al utilizar condiciones de procesamiento más altas. Se encontró que la capacidad de retención de agua aumentó con la temperatura.

The effect of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) concentration and cooking time on physicochemical and pasting properties of maize, during traditional nixtamalization was evaluated. It was observed that the higher the Ca(OH)2 concentration and cooking time the higher the gelatinization temperature. Grain samples treated with 2 g/100g of Ca(OH)2 and 60 min of cooking time presented higher calcium absorption (0.152 g/100g) showing a significant increment (500 g/100g). Results of X-ray diffraction showed that all the samples had X-ray diffraction pattern of starch type A, showing differences in the intensity of the diffraction as indicated by the percentage of cristallinity. The apparent viscosity of the nixtamal considerably decreased when the processes conditions were higher. Water retention capacity increased with temperature.

Novel antiviral activity of dialdehyde starch

A significant effort worldwide is being directed toward development of novel biocides against drug-resistant bacterial and viruses because of the significant potential human infection risks in the general population. We report here the discovery of a strong antiviral biocide, dialdheyde starch (DAS). Antiviral tests were carried out against three non-envelop viruses, including two bacterial viruses MS2 and PRD1, and one human virus Poliovirus. Dialdehyde starch aqueous suspensions were effective biocides against these three test viruses in a 1 hr exposure test. The antiviral activity was significantly enhanced in a four-hour exposure test, with maximum seven orders of magnitude reductions against MS2 and PRD1, and four-order reduction against Poliovirus. The antiviral activity of dialdehyde starch was found to be pH dependent, being more active in alkaline and acidic conditions than in neutral conditions.

QTL identification of grain protein concentration and its genetic correlation with starch concentration and grain weight using two populations in maize (Zea mays L.).

Protein is one of the three main storage chemical components in maize grains, and is negatively correlated with starch concentration (SC). Our objective was to analyse the influence of genetic backgrounds on QTL detection for protein concentration (PC) and to reveal the molecular genetic associations between PC and both SC and grain weight (GWP). Two hundred and eighty-four (Pop1) and 265 (Pop2) F(2:3) families were developed from two crosses between one high-oil maize inbred GY220 and two normal maize inbreds 8984 and 8622 respectively, and were genotyped with 185 and 173 pairs of SSR markers. PC, SC and GWP were evaluated under two environments. Composite interval mapping (CIM) and multiple interval mapping (MIM) methods were used to detect single-trait QTL for PC, and multiple-trait QTL for PC with both SC and GWP. No common QTL were shared between the two populations for their four and one PC QTL. Common QTL with opposite signs of effects for PC and SCGWP were detected on three marker intervals at bins 6.07-6.08, 8.03 and 8.03-8.04. Multiple-traits QTL mapping showed that tightly-linked QTL, pleiotropic QTL and QTL having effects with opposite directions for PC and SCGWP were all observed in Pop1, while all QTL reflected opposite effects in Pop2.

Genetic variability for waxy genes in Argentinean bread wheat germplasm

Amylose and amylopectin are the two polysaccharides that constitute starch in bread wheat and the enzyme GBSSI (Granule-bound starch synthase I), also known as waxy protein, is responsible for amylose synthesis in storage tissues. Decrease of the amylose content in starch has been associated with the lack of waxy protein(s). In this work, different sets of PCR markers were used to characterize the genetic variability of waxy loci from 103 Argentinean bread wheat cultivars. For the Wx-A1 locus, Wx-A1a and a novel molecular allele designed Wx-A1g were detected. Wx-B1 locus showed three alleles (Wx-B1a, Wx-B1b, Wx-B1e), and Wx-D1 locus showed only the Wx-D1a allele. Novel single-locus allele specific markers for Wx-A1b, Wx-B1b and Wx-D1b null alleles were also described. To our best knowledge this is the first study focused to characterize the genetic variability for waxy genes in bread wheat cultivars from South America.

Avaliação comparativa de características estruturais do amido e enzimas relacionadas à sua degradação em cultivares de banana como padrão distinto do modelo representado pela cultuvar Nanicão / Comparative evaluation of structural characteristics of starch and enzymes related to their degradation in banana cultivars as distinct from the standard model represented by cultuvar Nanicão

O acúmulo de açúcares solúveis observados em banana madura é resultado da ação de diversas enzimas que atuam sob o amido acumulado durante o seu desenvolvimento. Este processo pode ocorrer fora da planta e, em um período relativamente curto conhecido como amadurecimento. A rápida mobilização associado a escassez de trabalhos que enfoquem o processo de degradação de amido em Orgãos que armazenam amido temporariamente, como bananas, o objetivo desse estudo foi localizar cultivares que se comportem diferente do modelo Nanicão, que é objeto de estudo do laboratório ha muito tempo, sendo por isso, a cultivar mais conhecida e estudada. Bananas pertencentes a diferentes grupos genômicos foram selecionadas e analisadas, sendo elas: Nanicão (AAA), Terra (AAB), Mysore (AAB), Pacovan (AAB) e Figo (ABB). Quanto aos parâmetros de amadurecimento analisados, as cultivares Nanicão, Terra e Pacovan tiveram um comportamento climatérico típico. A sacarose foi o açúcar predominante em todas as cultivares seguida pela glicose e frutose que mantiveram uma proporção 1:1. A cultivar Nanicão teve maiores teores de açúcares solúveis seguida pela Figo, Pacovan, Terra e Mysore. Em extrato bruto de banana, os maiores valores de atividade da β-amilase foi verificada nos estágios finais do amadurecimento, enquanto que a da α-amilase foi, praticamente, constante durante o período analisado, com exceção da Figo. Para detectar a presença das amido-fosforilases foi realizado ensaio, em extrato bruto de banana, de eletroforese em condições não-desnaturantes (PAGE-nativo) e, duas bandas com atividade foram visualizadas nas cultivares, com exceção da Mysore. O inicio do processo de degradação de amido ocorreu anterior a produção autocatalitica de etileno e, as cultivares tiveram diferentes percentuais de degradagao de amido, sendo os maiores obtidos/na Pacovan seguida pela Mysore, Nanicão, Figo e Terra. Os grânulos de amido das cultivares Terra e Figo mostraram-se resistentes a...

The soluble sugars accumulation in mature banana is consequence of several enzymes action on accumulate starch obtained during its development process. The starch degradation can occur outside the plant in a relatively short time called ripening. Associate at the faster starch mobilization, few works are available focusing this process in organs that store starch temporarily like banana. The aim of this study was identified cultivars that show different pattern of starch degradation when compared with Nanicao model. Bananas of different genomic groups were selected and analyzed, Nanicao (AAA), Terra (AAB), Mysore (AAB), Pacovan (AAB) and Figo (ABB). The Nanicao, Terra and Pacovan cultivars had a typical climacteric behavior. Sucrose was the predominant sugar followed by glucose and fructose that maintained 1:1 ratio, in all cultivars. Nanicao had the higher levels of soluble sugars followed by Figo, Pacovan, Terra and Mysore. The onset of starch degradation seems to be independent of ethylene. The higher activities of β-amylase, in banana pulp, was obtained in the last ripening stages, while α-amylase activities was constant and low at Nanicao and Pacovan. Two bands with activities were visualized in native PAGE which corresponded to cytosolic and plastidial forms of starchphosphorylases, with exception of Mysore. All cultivars had different perceptual of starch degradation and the higher one was observed at Pacovan, followed by Mysore, Nanicao, Figo and Terra. Starches granules of Terra and Figo showed to be resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis. All cultivars had a and β-amylase activities associated to granule throughout the ripening process. Only Mysore showed αamylase activity associated to granule higher than β-amylase. No significant change along the ripening was observed in amylose content and amylopectin chain length distribution. The micrographs revealed that granule surface suffer changes along the ripening, exposing structures...

[Study the chemical and physical characteristics of starch granules in some Iraqi wheat varieties]

The study showed significant differences in percentage of small starch granules in four Iraqi wheat varieties Tammoze 3, Abugraib, Rabiaah and Maxibac. Tammoze 3 gave the highest value compared to other varieties in percentage of the starch granules. Whereas the lowest percentage of the starch granules was found in Maxiback. Percentage of wheat amylase was superior in Maxiback while the lowest was found in Tammoze 3. At 90°C, the swallow values of small starch granules for all varieties were not the same, Tammoze 3 gave the highest value whereas Abugraib showed the lowest. The reverse was found in terms of the solubility of the starch granules

Efecto de la extrusión sobre la biodisponibilidad de proteína y almidón en mezclas de harinas de maíz y frijol lima / Effect of extrusion on protein and starch bioavailability in corn and lima bean flour blends

La extrusión se emplea para producir expandidos (botanas o snacks), crujientes y quebradizos. El impacto nutricional de este tipo de proceso no ha sido suficientemente estudiado, por ello se evaluó la biodisponibilidad “in vitro” e “in vivo” de la proteína y el almidón en mezclas de harinas de maíz (Zea mays) (M) y de frijol lima (Phaseolus lunatus) (F), tanto crudas como extrudidas. Las mezclas de harinas 75M/25F y 50M/50F (p/p) y fueron procesadas en un extrusor Brabender a 160°C, 100 rpm, y 15,5% de humedad. La composición proximal indicó un aumento del tenor de proteína y cenizas y una disminución de la grasa en los productos extrudidos. La digestibilidad in vitro de la proteína fue mayor en los extrudidos (82%) que en las harinas crudas (77%). Los contenidos de almidón potencialmente disponible y almidón resistente total disminuyeron con la extrusión. Los ensayos in vitro indican que la extrusión mejora la digestibilidad de la proteína y el almidón en las mezclas estudiadas. La biodisponibilidad in vivo se evaluó utilizando gorgojos de arroz (Sithophilus oryzae) como modelo biológico. Los biomarcadores más descriptivos de los cambios sugeridos por las pruebas in vivo fueron: el contenido de proteínas corporales, que incrementó por efecto de la extrusión, y la actividad de la alfa-amilasa intestinal, que disminuyó a consecuencia del procesamiento. Se concluye que la extrusión mejora apreciablemente la calidad nutricional de mezclas de maíz y frijol de lima.

Effect of extrusion on protein and starch bioavailability in corn and lima bean flour blends. Extrusion is used to produce crunchy expanded foods, such as snacks. The nutritional impact of this process has not been studied sufficiently. In this study, in vitro and in vivo protein and starch bioavailability was evaluated in both raw and extruded corn (Zea mays)(C) and lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus)(B) flour blends, prepared in 75C/25B and 50C/ 50B (p/p) proportions. These were processed with a Brabender extruder at 160°C, 100 rpm and 15.5% moisture content. Proximate composition showed that in the extruded products protein and ash contents increased whereas the fat level decreased. In vitro protein digestibility was higher in the extrudates (82%) than in the raw flours (77%). Potentially available starch and resistant starch contents decreased with extrusion. The in vitro assays indicated that extrusion improved protein and starch availability in the studied blends. In vivo bioavailability was evaluated using the rice weevil (Sithophilus oryzae) as a biological model. The most descriptive biomarkers of the changes suggested by the in vivo tests were body protein content (increased by extrusion) and intestinal alpha-amylase activity (decreased by processing). Overall, results suggest that extrusion notably increases the nutritional quality of corn and lima bean flour blends.

Efecto de la acetilación y oxidación sobre algunas propiedades del almidón de semillas de Fruto de pan (Artocarpus altilis) / Effect of acetylation and oxidation on some properties of Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) seed starch

El almidón extraído de las semillas del fruto de pan (Artocarpus altilis) fue modificado químicamente por acetilación y oxidación, y sus propiedades funcionales evaluadas y comparadas con las del almidón nativo. El análisis proximal reveló que los almidones modificados presentaron contenidos de humedad más altos que el nativo. El contenido de cenizas, proteínas, fibra cruda, y amilosa aparente fue reducido con las modificaciones. Las modificaciones no alteraron la morfología de los gránulos de almidón nativo de A. altilis, presentando forma irregular, en su mayoría ovalados y con superficie lisa. La absorción de agua, poder de hinchamiento y sólidos solubles variaron con las modificaciones químicas realizadas, resultando mayores en el almidón acetilado. En comparación con el almidón nativo, los dos tipos de modificación redujeron la temperatura inicial de gelatinización; el pico de máxima viscosidad se redujo en el almidón oxidado pero aumentó en el acetilado; la viscosidad de la pasta en caliente disminuyó para los almidones modificados, mientras que la viscosidad en frío fue menor en el almidón oxidado y mayor en el almidón acetilado. La estabilidad se incrementó con la acetilación y se redujo con la oxidación. El almidón acetilado presentó el valor más bajo de setback o asentamiento, por lo que hubo una menor tendencia a la retrogradación.

Effect of acetylation and oxidation on some properties of Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) seed starch. Starch extracted from seeds of Artocarpus altilis (Breadfruit) was chemically modified by acetylation and oxidation, and its functional properties were evaluated and compared with these of native starch. Analysis of the chemical composition showed that moisture content was higher for modified starches. Ash, protein, crude fiber and amylose contents were reduced by the modifications, but did not alter the native starch granules’ irregularity, oval shape and smooth surface. Acetylation produced changes in water absorption, swelling power and soluble solids, these values were higher for acetylated starch, while values for native and oxidized starches were similar. Both modifications reduced pasting temperature; oxidation reduced maximum peak viscosity but it was increased by acetylation. Hot paste viscosity was reduced by both modifications, whereas cold paste viscosity was lower in the oxidized starch and higher in the acetylated starch. Breakdown was increased by acetylation and reduced with oxidation. Setback value was reduced after acetylation, indicating it could minimize retrogradation of the starch.

Indigestible starch associated to dietary fiber residues from cooked legume seeds consumed in Venezuela

El residuo fibroso de las semillas cocidas de once variedades de leguminosas comestibles fue preparado empleando el procedimiento enzimático de la AOAC. Una vez sometidos a un tratamiento de dispersión alcalina, dichos residuos fueron evaluados para determinar su contenido de almidón, que corresponde a fracciones de almodón resistente retrogradado (AR). Todas las leguminosas presentaron cantidades apreciadas de AR, cuyos valores variaron entre 3,0 por ciento (g por 100 g de semilla cocida en base seca), encontrado para el fr¡jol caupí, y 7,2 por ciento para las arvejas verdes. El tenor de AR difirió muy poco entre las cuatro variedades de fr¡jol común (Phaseolus vulgaris) analizadas ( 5,1-6,7 por ciento). El garbanzo también presentó valores considerables de AR (6,7 por ciento). Los tenores de AR se utilizaron para calcular el contenido de fibra insoluble descritos previamente para estas leguminosas. Dichos contenidos corregidos resultaron 11 a 38 por ciento menores que los valores originales.